Introduction to Cyber Threats

Cyber threats are dangers that exist in the digital world, targeting personal devices, online accounts, and even large-scale computer networks. These threats can cause financial loss, identity theft, data breaches, and system damage if users are not careful. Understanding common cyber threats helps individuals stay safe online, protect their data, and recognize suspicious activity.

In this section, we will explore:

• Viruses and malware – malicious programs designed to harm computers.
• Phishing emails and scams – deceptive attempts to steal personal information.
• Hacking – unauthorized access to computer systems and accounts.

By the end of this topic, students will be able to identify different cyber threats, understand how they work, and take precautions to avoid them.

Viruses and Malware

What is Malware?

Malware (short for malicious software) is any program designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to a computer system. Malware can spread in various ways, such as downloading suspicious files, clicking on unknown links, or opening email attachments from untrusted sources.

Types of Malware

There are many types of malware, each with different methods of attack:

1. Virus – A malicious program that attaches itself to a file or program and spreads when executed. Example: A virus hidden in a fake software download that corrupts files.
2. Worm – A self-replicating program that spreads across computers without needing a host file. Example: A worm that spreads through email attachments and slows down entire networks.
3. Trojan Horse (Trojan) – A program disguised as legitimate software but contains harmful code. Example: A fake game download that secretly steals passwords.
4. Ransomware – A type of malware that locks a user’s files and demands payment to unlock them. Example: A ransomware attack encrypts business data, preventing access until a ransom is paid.
5. Spyware – Software that secretly monitors a user’s activity and steals sensitive information. Example: A spyware app records a user’s keystrokes (keylogger) to steal login details.
6. Adware – Displays unwanted advertisements, sometimes slowing down the computer. Example: A free music player that continuously shows pop-up ads.

How Malware Infects Computers

• Downloading files from unknown websites – Some sites offer free software that secretly contains malware.
• Clicking on suspicious email links – Fake emails trick users into clicking infected links.
• Plugging in infected USB devices – External storage devices can transfer malware from one computer to another.
• Using outdated software – Older software may have security weaknesses that malware can exploit.

How to Prevent Malware Infections

• Install antivirus software and keep it updated.
• Avoid downloading files from untrusted sources.
• Be cautious with email attachments and links.
• Update software regularly to fix security vulnerabilities.
• Do not connect untrusted USB devices to a computer.

Phishing Emails and Scams

What is Phishing?

Phishing is a cyber attack where hackers try to steal sensitive information, such as passwords, bank details, or personal data, by pretending to be a legitimate entity (e.g., a bank, social media site, or online store).

How Phishing Works

1. A fake email or message is sent, pretending to be from a trusted company.
2. The email contains urgent language to make the user panic (e.g., “Your account will be locked in 24 hours!”).
3. A link inside the email leads to a fake website that looks real.
4. The user enters their login credentials or other personal data.
5. The hacker steals the information and may use it to access the victim’s accounts.

Common Signs of a Phishing Email

• Generic greeting (e.g., “Dear Customer” instead of your name).
• Urgent requests (e.g., “Your account will be closed if you don’t act now!”).
• Poor spelling and grammar – Fake emails often contain errors.
• Suspicious links – The email asks you to click a link that is slightly misspelled (e.g., www.paypa1.com instead of www.paypal.com).
• Unexpected attachments – Some phishing emails contain malware-infected files.

Examples of Phishing Scams

• Fake Bank Emails – A hacker sends an email pretending to be your bank and asks you to log in to verify your identity.
• Lottery Scams – A message claims you have won a lottery and need to provide personal details to receive the prize.
• Fake Job Offers – Scammers offer fake remote jobs and ask for your personal information.
• Social Media Scams – A fake message from a “friend” asking for money or login details.

How to Protect Against Phishing

• Do not click on suspicious links or open unexpected email attachments.
• Verify sender information before responding to an email.
• Hover over links to see the actual website address before clicking.
• Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) for an extra layer of security.
• Report phishing emails to your email provider.

Basic Concept of Hacking

What is Hacking?

Hacking refers to gaining unauthorized access to a computer, network, or account. While some hackers use their skills for ethical purposes (ethical hackers help improve cybersecurity), others use hacking to steal information or disrupt systems (malicious hackers).

How Hackers Gain Access

1. Weak Passwords – Hackers guess simple passwords like “123456” or “password.”
2. Phishing Attacks – Trick victims into revealing login details.
3. Unsecured Networks – Public Wi-Fi can be exploited to steal data.
4. Exploiting Software Vulnerabilities – Outdated programs may have weaknesses that hackers can use.
5. Malware and Keyloggers – Malicious software records passwords typed by a user.

Types of Hacking Attacks

• Brute Force Attack – A hacker tries thousands of password combinations to guess a user’s login credentials.
• Denial of Service (DoS) Attack – Overloading a website or network with traffic to make it crash.
• Man-in-the-Middle Attack – Intercepting communication between two parties to steal data.

How to Protect Against Hacking

• Use strong, unique passwords for different accounts.
• Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) to prevent unauthorized logins.
• Avoid using public Wi-Fi for sensitive transactions.
• Keep software updated to fix security vulnerabilities.
• Do not share personal details with unknown individuals online.

Conclusion

Understanding viruses, phishing, and hacking helps students stay vigilant against cyber threats. Cybercriminals constantly develop new methods to trick users, but awareness and preventive measures can keep personal data and devices safe.

Students should always:
✅ Think before clicking on links or attachments.
✅ Use strong passwords and enable two-factor authentication.
✅ Install and update security software.
✅ Be cautious about sharing personal information online.

Cybersecurity is a shared responsibility, and staying informed is the first step in protecting yourself and your digital world.